Pneumonia: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment | GetWellGo

Pneumonia Symptoms

As pneumonia varies in cause, age and overall health of the individual, the symptoms may be mild, moderate or severe. Common symptoms include:

General Symptoms

• Cough (may be with sputum)
• Fever can be slight or severe.
• Chills or sweating
• Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Chest pain specially in inhalation or while coughing
• Fatigue or weakness

Additional Symptoms

• Loss of appetite
• Headache
• Confusion (especially in older adults)
• Bluish lips or fingernails (due to low oxygen levels)
• Rapid or shallow breathing
• Rapid heartbeat

Pneumonia Causes

It is evident that pneumonia can be caused by infection agents such as bacteria, viruses and fungus. The nature of the cause usually defines how grave the illness is and how it can be treated.

Main Causes of Pneumonia: Bacterial Pneumonia

• Most common cause in adults.
• Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial organism implicated in this respect.

Viral Pneumonia

• More common in children.

Viruses that cause pneumonia include:

• Influenza virus
• Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (common in infants)
• COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)
• Parainfluenza
• Adenovirus

Fungal Pneumonia

• More common in people with weakened immune systems.
• Common fungi: Histoplasma, Cryptococcus, Coccidioides, Pneumocystis jirovecii (in HIV/AIDS patients).

Aspiration Pneumonia

• That is pneumonia brought about by aspiration of food, fluids or vomit into the lungs.
• Presumably in conditions that affect the capacity to swallow or the patient is unconscious.

Hospital-acquired Pneumonia (HAP)

• Occurs during a hospital stay.
• Often more severe due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Ventilator-associated Pneumonia (VAP)

• Grows different in people on mechanical ventilators.

Pneumonia Treatment

The cause of the infection, how severe it is, and the patient’s age and general health determine the choice of a treatment plan. Here are the descriptions of the usual treatment that you will come across:

Bacterial Pneumonia Treatment:

• Antibiotics (first-line therapy)
• Common choices: Amoxicillin, Azithromycin, or Levofloxacin
• Fever reducers and pain relievers (e.g., paracetamol or ibuprofen)
• Rest and hydration

Hospitalization may be needed for:

• Severe symptoms
• Elderly or people with other health conditions

Viral Pneumonia Treatment:

• Antiviral drugs (only for some viruses, like influenza or COVID-19)
• Oseltamivir (for flu)
• Paxlovid or remdesivir (for COVID-19)

Supportive care:

• Fever reducers
• Cough suppressants (if needed)
• Fluids and rest
• It should be understood that antibiotics only target bacterial infections not viral ones.

Fungal Pneumonia Treatment:

• Antifungal medications
• E.g., fluconazole, itraconazole, or amphotericin B
• Mainly used in immunocompromised patients

General Supportive Treatments

• Oxygen therapy (for breathing difficulty)
• IV fluids (for dehydration or hospitalized patients)
• Mechanical ventilation (in critical cases)

Pneumonia in Children

Pneumonia in children is a severe lung infection that occurs in one or both lungs mostly in young children and babies below the age of five years. They are viral, bacterial or fungal but most common, viral infection, specifically in young children.

Common Causes in Children

• Viruses: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza, parainfluenza, adenovirus.
• Bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae (common in older children).
• FUNGI: Seen more commonly in immunodeficient children only; rare.

Symptoms in Children

• Fever (often high)
• Rapid or difficult breathing
• Cough (can be absent or present in infants based on the illness case)
• Wheezing or grunting
• Nasal flaring or chest indrawing
• Including difficulty in eating and even refusal to feed at all
• Lethargy or unusual sleepiness
• Bluish lips or fingertips (a sign of low oxygen)

Treatment

• Bacterial pneumonia: It is treated with antibiotics; Amoxicillin is most commonly used in definite bacterial cases.
• Viral pneumonia: No specific treatment will be given, patients should be encouraged to drink fluids, rest in bed particularly when having a fever and if the condition is severe, antiviral medications may be administered.

Hospitalization may be required if:

• Breathing difficulty is severe
• Child is very young or has other health issues
• These include such symptoms as dryness of the skin as well as shortness of breath.

Pneumonia Diagnosis

Pneumonia diagnosis is made using physical examination, history details, and lesions that seek to establish whether the patient has pneumonia, the extent of the infection, and the type of pneumonia.

Medical History & Physical Examination

• Symptoms; poor cough, fever, breathing difficulties, chest pain.

Physical exam:

• Using a stethoscope to listen to some parts of the lungs and listening to crackling, hissing or dull sounds.
• Monitoring of oxygen by pulse oximeter

Diagnostic Tests

Chest X-ray:

• Confirms pneumonia
• Shows lung inflammation, fluid, or consolidation

Blood Tests:

• The complete blood count (CBC): There is increased white cells which point to infection.
• Blood cultures: Detect bacteria in the bloodstream (for severe cases)

Sputum Test:

• Have patients sputum from a deep cough to determine whether they are due to bacterial, viral or fungal infection

Pulse Oximetry:

• Uses electrodes to detect the degree of oxygen in the blood to determine effectiveness of breathing.

CT Scan (in complex or unclear cases):

• Offers more detail than an X-ray if needed

Bronchoscopy (rare, for severe or unexplained cases):

• Also employed for sighting airways and obtaining samples at the lung level.

In Children

• The diagnosis mainly relies on such clinical features as tachypnea, chest reinstitution or nasal flaring.
• If the symptoms are severe or ambiguous, chest X-ray or blood tests may be conducted.

Pneumonia Recovery Time

The time it takes for a person to recover from pneumonia depends on his or her age, general health status, cause of pneumonia, and the severity of the disease.

General Recovery Timeline

• Mild bacterial pneumonia: 1–2 weeks (with antibiotics)
• Viral pneumonia: 1–3 weeks (may take longer for some viruses)
• Severe pneumonia: 3–6 weeks or longer (especially in elderly or hospitalized patients)

Recovery Stages

• First few days: Fever and symptoms may start to improve with treatment.
• 1-2 weeks: Fever, chest pain, shortness of breath are typically resolved.
• 3–6weeks: Typical side effects include fatigue, cough, and mild breathlessness that may persist in elderly and patients with other comorbid conditions.

Pneumonia vs Bronchitis

Pneumonia

• Pneumonia is a severe respiratory illness that occurs in either one or two lungs having an impact on the alveoli or air sacs. 
• It is caused by bacteria or viruses or fungi and results to signs such as fever, chills, chest pains, productive cough, and breathlessness. 
• Pneumonia is a sudden illness that may become fatal for a patient with a weak immune system or for a child and an elderly person. 
• Diagnosis is commonly done by examination and sometimes x-ray, and the treatment also involves the treatment of the underlying cause like antibiotics of antivirals, possible hospitalization and perhaps oxygen therapy in the intensive cases.

Bronchitis

• Bronchitis is a condition whereby the tubes through which air flows to the lung become inflamed. 
• It is normally contracted from a virus and typically develops after one has been attacked by a common cold or another respiratory illness. 
• Some of the symptoms are dry cough, sometimes with mucus production, mild pain in the chest, tiredness and, occasionally, wheezing. 
• Bronchitis is generally not severe like pneumonia; the cases which are more common are acute, normally, bronchitis can be treated within two to three weeks without the need for antibiotics. 
• The recommended treatment includes plenty of water/ fluids, complete bed rest and over the counter drugs.

Pneumonia Complications

Pneumonia can however be mild in some people or severe, fatal in others especially with the predisposing factors like the old people, children, and people with weakened immune system or chronic illness. The following are the general complications:

• Fluid buildup between the lungs and chest wall
• A pus-filled cavity in the lung
• Spread of infection into the bloodstream
• Respiratory Failure
• Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
• Worsening of Chronic Conditions
• Delayed Recovery or Chronic Pneumonia

Pneumonia Home Remedies

Stay Hydrated

• It is important that you hydrate properly to clear your head and your body must consume a lot of water, herbal teas and clear broths.

Rest and Sleep

• This means that the body needs to have adequate resting time in order to combat the infection as well as avoiding stress on the muscles.

Warm Fluids and Steam

• Spicy or warm water with ginger added to it, warm water with added turmeric or warm milk, chicken soup will help to ease the irritated throat.
• Steaming or having a warm shower is useful since it helps to open the trachea and give a good cough to remove the mucus.

Humidifier Use

• Humidifier can be purchased in a cool mist category since this will help to add moisture to the air to reduce coughing and even breathing.

Honey (for adults and older children)

• If you wish to ease your cough and throat irritation, then they need to take one teaspoon of honey with warm water.
• For children below one year, it is best to refrain from giving them honey.

Ginger, Garlic, and Turmeric

• These have natural anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. Take it either with food or with tea for a mild boost.

Breathing Exercises

• One of the easy and effective measures that assist in lung training and avoiding fluid accumulation include gentle deep breathing or using an incentive spirometer.

Avoid Smoking and Pollutants

• One should avoid areas and conditions such as smoking zones, highly polluted environments, and any location with excessive use of chemicals or dust.