All about Multiple Sclerosis: Causes, Symptoms & Diagnosis

What is Multiple Sclerosis?

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic illness that impacts the central nervous system — primarily the brain and spinal cord. In MS, the immune system of the body mistakenly attacks the protective sheath of nerves, known as myelin. This injury interferes with the normal transmission of electrical impulses along the nerves, causing a variety of symptoms. MS may differ significantly from individual to individual. Some individuals have minimal symptoms, but others may develop more severe disability in the long term. It's usually diagnosed between 20 and 40 years of age, and it occurs more frequently in women than in men.

MS Treatment Options

Multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment primarily targets:

• Managing relapses
• Slowing disease progression
• Treating symptoms

Here's a breakdown:

Medications to Modify the Disease

• These are referred to as disease-modifying therapies (DMTs).
• They decrease the frequency of your attacks (relapses) and can slow progression.
• Injectable medications (e.g., interferon beta, glatiramer acetate)
• Oral drugs (e.g., fingolimod, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide)
• Infusions (e.g., ocrelizumab, natalizumab, alemtuzumab)
• These medications modify how the immune system functions to keep it from attacking the nerves.

Relapse Management (Short-Term)

When you have a sudden flare:

• Corticosteroids (such as methylprednisolone)
• Reduce nerve inflammation rapidly.
• In severe cases, plasma exchange (plasmapheresis) may be employed if steroids are not effective.

Symptom Control

Special treatments manage symptoms such as:

• Muscle spasms âž” Muscle relaxants (such as baclofen, tizanidine)
• Fatigue âž” Medications (such as amantadine), energy-conserving strategies
• Pain âž” Anti-seizure or antidepressant drugs
• Bladder problems âž” Anticholinergics
• Depression âž” Antidepressants, counselling
• Mobility problems âž” Physical therapy, aids to walk

Rehabilitation

• Physical therapy → Enhance strength, mobility, and balance
• Occupational therapy → Assist with daily living
• Speech therapy → If MS impacts speech or swallowing
• Cognitive rehabilitation → Assist with memory and thought processes

Lifestyle Changes

• Well-balanced diet
• Regular exercise (modified for capacity)
• Stress management strategies (such as meditation, mindfulness)
• Good sleep habits

Experimental Treatments

• Stem cell therapy (investigational)
• More recent biological drugs and immune-modulating therapies are being studied.

Early Signs of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Early symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS) can be misleading since they tend to appear and disappear, and they are different for everyone. However, some of the most frequent early symptoms are:

Vision Issues

• Blurred vision, double vision, or eye pain on moving the eyes (optic neuritis)
• Occasionally even temporary loss of vision in one eye

Numbness or Tingling

• Pins-and-needles sensation, typically in the face, arms, legs, or fingers

Muscle Weakness

• Especially in arms or legs, making it more difficult to move

Balance and Coordination Difficulty

• Feeling dizzy or clumsy
• Dizziness or dizziness

Fatigue

• A profound, overpowering tiredness more severe than usual tiredness

Bladder or Bowel Difficulty

• Sudden need to urinate or inability to empty the bladder
• Occasionally bowel abnormalities such as constipation

Cognitive Changes

• Difficulty with memory, focus, or word-finding

Pain or Muscle Spasm

• Painful spasm or muscle stiffness, particularly in the legs
• Depression, mood changes, or being unusually emotional

Visit to Fortis Hospital in India 

Types of Multiple Sclerosis

There are four primary forms of multiple sclerosis (MS), according to the way that the disease acts over time:

Clinically Isolated Syndrome (CIS)

• Single first episode of neurological signs due to inflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system.
• Longer than 24 hours.
• May or may not evolve into complete MS later.
• If MRI finds brain lesions characteristic of MS, the risk of developing MS is greater.

Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS) (most frequent)

• Smooth onset of new or worsening symptoms (relapses).
• Followed by periods of remissions or partial and complete improvement.
• No uninterrupted worsening during remissions.
• Some 85% of MSers are diagnosed first with RRMS.

Secondary Progressive MS (SPMS)

• Starts as relapsing-remitting MS but then enters a phase of sustained worsening of the symptoms over the long term.
• May still have sporadic relapses or plateaus, though overall decline becomes more uniform.
• Many RRMSers will end up with SPMS.

Primary Progressive MS (PPMS)

• Increasing of symptoms from the start, with no initial relapses or remissions.
• Progress is slower but continuous.
• Approximately 10–15% of individuals with MS have PPMS.
• It usually develops later in life (at age 40).

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Diagnosis

Diagnosing multiple sclerosis (MS) is somewhat complicated because there isn't a single test to confirm it. Physicians put together medical history, neurological examination, imaging, and laboratory tests to establish the diagnosis.

Here's what generally happens:

Medical History

• Physician inquires about past and current symptoms, when they began, and how they've evolved.
• Family history of MS or autoimmune illnesses may also be addressed.

Neurological Exam

• Tests muscle strength, balance, coordination, vision, sensation, and reflexes.
• Searches for indications of nerve damage in various regions of the brain and spinal cord.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

• Most important test to diagnose MS.
• Seeks lesions (damage areas) on the brain and spinal cord characteristic of MS.
• Lesions can appear as white dots on the MRI.
• In some cases, a contrast dye is injected to highlight active inflammation.

Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap)

• A tiny sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is removed.
• In MS, CSF usually has oligoclonal bands, which are immune proteins that mean inflammation in the central nervous system.

Evoked Potentials Test

• Tests how rapidly and strongly the electrical signals move through nerves.
• If delayed, it can indicate myelin damage even if signs are not yet apparent.

Blood Tests

• Not to diagnose MS itself, but to exclude other illnesses (such as Lyme disease, lupus, or vitamin deficiencies) that can present with MS-like symptoms.

Diagnosis Criteria:

• Evidence of damage in at least two distinct regions of the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord, optic nerves).
• Evidence that the damage was done at different times.
• Other conditions that may cause similar symptoms must be excluded.

Top 10 liver transplant hospitals in india

Multiple Sclerosis Causes

The precise reason behind multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unknown, but researchers think it's a combination of many reasons.

Here's what is known so far:

Immune System Breakdown

• MS is an autoimmune disease.
• The immune system attacks the myelin — the insulation on the nerve fibers — by mistake.
• This leads to inflammation and damage that interrupts signals between the brain and body.

Genetics

• MS is not inherited directly, but having a close relative (such as a parent or sibling) with MS slightly raises the risk.
• Some genes, particularly those that control the immune system (such as the HLA-DRB1 gene), appear to predispose individuals.

Environmental Factors

• Low Vitamin D Levels âž” Less sun exposure has been associated with increased MS risk.
• Geography âž” MS is more prevalent in nations further from the equator (cooler climates).
• Smoking âž” Raises risk and accelerates disease progression.

Infections

• Certain viruses can cause MS by confusing or overstimulating the immune system.
• Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (the virus that causes mononucleosis) is closely linked with MS risk.
• Other viruses such as human herpesvirus-6 are also being researched.

Other Risk Factors

• Sex âž” Women are approximately 2–3 times more likely to develop MS compared to men.
• Age âž” Most frequently diagnosed between the ages of 20 and 40.
• Obesity âž” Especially in childhood or adolescence, can raise MS risk.

Why Choose Multiple Sclerosis Treatment in India?

Choosing multiple sclerosis (MS) treatment in India can make a lot of sense for several reasons:

• Highly Skilled Neurologists
• Advanced Technology
• Affordable Cost
• Access to Newer Medications
• Shorter Waiting Times
• Comprehensive Rehabilitation Services
• Medical Tourism Support

Why Choose GetWellGo for Multiple Sclerosis Treatment?

GetWellGo is regarded as a leading supplier of healthcare services. We help our foreign clients choose the best treatment locations that suit their needs both financially and medically.

We offer:

• Complete transparency
• Fair costs.
• 24 hour availability.
• Medical E-visas
• Online consultation from recognized Indian experts.
• Assistance in selecting India's top hospitals for multiple sclerosis treatment.
• Expert neurologists with a strong track record of success
• Assistance during and after the course of treatment.
• Language Support
• Travel and Accommodation Services
• Case manager assigned to every patient to provide seamless support in and out of the hospital like appointment booking
• Local SIM Cards
• Currency Exchange
• Arranging Patient’s local food