Are Bone Marrow Transplants Safe?

Bone Marrow Transplant Risks​

Bone marrow transplant (BMT) is one of the treatment technologies that involve transplanting of an affected or infected bone marrow with stem cell from a compatible donor. Though it is such a hope, it is not without its dangers and these include the following; the general health of the patient, whether its auto stem cell transplant or allo stem cell transplant as well as the source of the stem cells. Complications of Bone Marrow Transplant are:

• Infections
• Graft Failure
• Bleeding & Anemia
• Nausea, Vomiting & Diarrhea
• Graft-versus-Host Disease
• Organ Damage
• Secondary Cancers
• Fertility Issues
• Lung Problems

Is Bone Marrow Transplant Safe?

A bone marrow transplant (BMT) can be a lifesaving procedure, but its safety depends on several factors, including the patient's overall health, the type of transplant, and potential complications.

Factors Affecting Safety

• Type of Transplant
• Patient’s Health Condition
• Infection Risk
• Medical Advancements

Bone Marrow Transplant Side Effects​

An obvious potential side effect of a BMT is infection, which varies according to the patient’s status, the type of transplant received autologous or allogeneic and the preparative regimen; chemotherapy or radiation. Side effects are of two types: short-term and long-term.

Short-term Side Effects

• Nausea, Vomiting & Diarrhea
• Mouth Sores
• Fatigue & Weakness
• Hair Loss
• Loss of Appetite & Weight Loss
• Bleeding & Bruising
• Infections

Long-term Effects of Bone Marrow Transplant

• Graft-versus-Host Disease
• Fertility Issues
• Organ Damage
• Secondary Cancers
• Lung Problems
• Hormonal Imbalance
• Chronic Fatigue

Bone Marrow Transplant Success Rates​

The success rate of BMTs there are various factors such as; the type of BMT, the disease being treated, BMT recipient’s health status, and those resulting from complications after the BMT.

General Success Rates

Autologous BMT

• 70%–90% success rate for conditions like lymphoma and multiple myeloma.
• Lower risk since there’s no immune rejection of the drug.

Allogenic BMT

• 50%–80% success rate for diseases like leukemia.
• Higher risk of complications, such as Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD).

Bone Marrow Transplant Procedure Safety​

BMT is usually safe for patients especially if the procedure is done in medical centers which have engaged in the practice frequently, however, it comes with certain risks. Therefore, safety can be defined by such factors as the type of transplant, patient characteristics, and after transplant care.

Key Safety Factors

Type of Transplant

• The stem cell treatment is most commonly categorized by its origin as Autologous (from own stem cells) –it is lower risky since there is no immune rejection.
• Allogeneic (donor stem cells) – Higher risk due to immune system reactions.

Pre-Transplant Conditioning (Chemotherapy/Radiation)

• May put a toll on the immune system thus exposing the body to various infections.
• Possess the potential of producing side effects such as; nausea, fatigue, and damage to the vital body organs.

Hospital Safety Measures

• Strict infection control (e.g., isolated hospital rooms).
• Drugs to prevent such infections and diseases as for instance Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD).

Post-Transplant Monitoring

• Usually, there are frequent blood tests with a doctor to have yourself checked up for rejection or get infected.
• Nutrition needs with appropriate diet and other forms of treatment, for example physical therapy for those in need.

Bone Marrow Transplant Recovery​

Duration of BMT recovery may therefore differ from one individual to another; it is usually determined by; the type of transplant, the general health status of the patient, and the existing complications. 

Phases of Recovery

Initial Recovery (First 3 Months)

Hospital Stay (2–6 Weeks)

• Close monitoring for infections, organ function, and graft acceptance.
• Quarantine because of the tendency to be prone to infections from a septic system.

Blood Count Recovery

• White blood cells return first to normal levels in the body (which is to help fighting infections).
• It also remains abnormal in form of platelet and red blood cell count takes long time to normalize.

Common Issues

• Fatigue, nausea, mouth sores, appetite loss, and risk of infections.

Intermediate Recovery (3–6 Months)

Immune System Strengthening

• Proliferation of the disease—some of the vaccines may be delayed.
• Regular blood tests and check-ups.

Managing Side Effects

• Some of the perceived benefits are possible hair regrowth, enhanced energy, as well as improved appetite.
• Ongoing risk of Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD) (in allogeneic BMTs).

Long-Term Recovery (6–12 Months & Beyond)

Rebuilding Strength

• Slow increase in physical exercise but fatigue may still be felt.
• Body activity and proper diet play an important role in reinvention of energy.

Vaccinations

• Required for construction of immunity (for example, measles, flu, pneumonia etc).

Long-Term Follow-Ups

• It is also an opportunity for surveillance of organ function, possible second malignancies, and GVHD.

Bone Marrow Transplant Infection Risks​

A person who receives BMT is at risk of getting infected because the immune system is affected by high-dose chemotherapy, radiation, and immunosuppressive drugs. It is likely to be life threatening in the first 3 to 6 months and may possibly range from 6 months to a year and beyond.

Type of Infection risks

Bacterial Infections

• This is because WBC is low at early weeks when compared to the later weeks, which causes rash to occur.
• It can also cause sepsis (blood infection), pneumonia as well as skin infections.

Viral Infections

• Reactivation of latent viruses like Herpes (HSV), Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein - Barr virus (EBV).
• The height and illness may therefore lead to lung infections, fever, or other severe organ damage.

Fungal Infections

• Candida (yeast infections) – Affect the mouth, throat, or bloodstream.
• Aspergillus: It is the fungus that can lead to pneumonia in humans.

Opportunistic Infections

Due to long-term immune suppression (e.g., Pneumocystis pneumonia, tuberculosis).
It should be appreciated that the risk is higher at increased levels of Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD) when using allogeneic transplants.

Bone Marrow Transplant for Leukemia Safety​

Bone Marrow Transplant (BMT) is one of the most successful treatments for leukemia that can be given to different types of leukemia including the acute ones such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic leukemia like chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, its safety is relative to various conditions such as patient status, disease type and phase, as well as the management after transplant.

Safety Factors in BMT for Leukemia

Type of Transplant

• Autologous (Own Stem Cells) – safer as compared to allogeneic ones but less effective for leukemia since cancer-causing cells can recur.
• Allogeneic (Donor Stem Cells) – This is more effective than autologous stem cells since it is collected from other sources but has life threatening complications such as GVHD.

Success & Survival Rates

• AML & ALL (High-risk cases) – 40%–70% survival rate.
• CML (Advanced cases) – 50%–80% survival rate.
• That is why it is preferable if the procedure is carried out in the early stages or during the remission period.

Major Risks

• This can be due to graft failure in which the donor cells fail to engraft themselves well onto the patient’s body.
• GVHD (Allogeneic BMT) – There is an attack of donor cells on tissues of the recipient patient.
• Infections – A patient’s chances of acquiring infections are higher due to a compromised immune system.
• Loss or damage to organs – Specific examples of how cancer treatment causes organs to be damaged includes through the use of chemotherapy or radiation on heart lungs or liver.

Top Bone marrow Transplant Hospitals

• Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurgaon
• Medanta-The Medicity, Gurgaon 
• Artemis Hospital, Gurgaon

Best Doctors Bone Marrow Transplant

• Dr. Rahul Bhargava
• Dr. Nitin Sood
• Dr. Gaurav Dixit

Why Choose GetWellGo for Bone Marrow Transplant?

GetWellGo is regarded as a leading supplier of healthcare services. We help our foreign clients choose the best treatment locations that suit their needs both financially and medically.

We offer:

• Complete transparency
• Fair costs.
• 24 hour availability.
• Medical E-visas
• Online consultation from recognized Indian experts.
• Assistance in selecting India's top hospitals for bone marrow transplant.
• Expert oncologist with a strong track record of success
• Assistance during and after the course of treatment.
• Language Support
• Travel and Accommodation Services
• Case manager assigned to every patient to provide seamless support in and out of the hospital like appointment booking
• Local SIM Cards
• Currency Exchange
• Arranging Patient’s local food